Cemento-Ossifying Fibroma of the Mandible Case report

Fibroma cemento-ossificante de mandíbula: Relato de caso

Mohamed Elarbi^I; LubnaAzuzz^II

^I BDS,MmedSC,FFDRCSI; Head of department, Senior Consultant; University clinic of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery; Ali Omar Askar (AOA) Center of neurosurgery, Esbea Tripoli Libya
^II Consultant pathologist MD,Tripoli Medical Center; Faculty of Medicine ,Tripoli university ,Tripoli Libya

ABSTRACT

Cemento-ossifying fibroma is a relatively rare, benign, non-odontogenic tumour of the jaws, regarded as a subdivision of fibro-osseous lesions. The usual age of occurrence is between 20 and 40 years. The female:male ratio is 5:1, usual site being the posterior mandible. The aim of this report to present the clinical and radiological features and management of a 32-year-old female Libyan patient who presented with an asymptomatic giant swelling of three years' duration in the left mandible, the diagnosis of which was confirmed by histopathology. Cemento-ossifying fibroma (COF) is a benign, asymptomatic lesion of the jaws characterized by the production of well-demarcated bone of slow growth. It typically affects females aged between 20 and 40 years, in the premolar and molar area, causing a painless swelling, of slow, expansile growth. The periodontal ligament contains both bone and cementum. The pathogenesis of extraosseous COF, where there is no periodontal tissue, as suggested by Cakir and Karadayi, originates in embryonic nests and the ectopic periodontal membrane, as suggested by Brademann et al. in their cytogenetic studies. Depending on the stage of maturation, cemento-ossifying fibroma may range from radiolucent, through mixed, to completely radio-opaque. Histopathologically, it appears as well-circumscribed, occasionally encapsulated with various amounts of bony trabecular/cementum formation in a fibrous stroma.

Descriptors: tumour, jaws, surgery.

RESUMO

Fibroma Cemento-ossificante é um tumor benigno relativamente raro, não odontogênico dos maxilares, considerado como subdivisão de lesões fibro-ósseas. A idade usual de ocorrência é entre 20 e 40 anos. Há predileção do sexo feminino na proporção 5:1, e da região posterior da mandibula. Esse relato de caso apresenta uma paciente libanês de 32 anos, que se apresentou com aumento grande de volume, achados clínicos e radiológicos assintomáticos na mandíbula esquerda com duração de três anos, o diagnótico histopatológico confirma o diagnóstico clínico. Fibroma cemento-ossificante (COF) é caracterizado pela produção óssea de crescimento lento, bem demarcada, assintomática, benigna dos maxilares. Geralmente afeta mulheres entre a idade de 20 a 40 anos na área molares e pré-molares, causando um edema, indolor, crescimento lento e expansível. A patogênese das lesões extras ósseas do COF podem não apresentar tecidos periodontais, como sugerido por Cakir e Karadayi e sim células embrionárias e membrana periodontal ectópica como sugerido por Brademann et al.6 em seus estudos citogenéticos. Dependendo do estágio de maturação, fibroma cemento-ossificante pode ter umavariedaderadiolúcida, mista ou completamente radiopaca. Histopatologicamente, aparecem circunscritos, ocasionalmente encapsulados com alta quantidade de formação trabecular9.

Descritores: Tumor, Maxilares e Cirurgia.

CASE REPORT

A 32-year-old old Libyan female patient reported to our oral and maxillofacial surgery department, her chief complaint being a painless, slowly growing, progressive swelling in the body of the left mandible of three years' duration. The medical and dental histories were both unremarkable.

The extra-oral clinical examination showed a large well-defined swelling involving the left mandible (Figure 1) measuring approximately 8x5 cm. Swelling was nontender bony hard, with a scar over its summit (old trauma to skin). Lymph nodes were not palpable, with no sensory or motor nerve deficit in the area, TMJ and jaw movements being within the normal range. On intraoral examination there was buccolingual expansion of the lesion, with normal overlying mucosa. The oral hygiene was moderate and all teeth related to the lesion were vital, tender with distolingual displacement of the second and third molars, and lingually inclined premolars with spacing.

The following laboratory blood investigations were carried out:

Radiographically, OPG shows a mixed lesion involving the body of the left mandible, well-defined, mixed, radiolucent and radio-opaque lesion involving the body of left mandible from canine tooth to angle of mandible distal to the lower third left molar tooth.

The CT scan shows hetero-dens, extensile lesion with well-defined borders in the body of the left mandible.(Figure 2)

The tridimensional CT scan showed the full extent of the lesion in the posterior region of the left mandible (Figure 3)

On the basis of the clinical and radiographic features, a provisional diagnosis of benign fibroosseous lesion was made, the histopathology showing bone and cementum⁹, in a fibrous connective tissue stroma.

The patient was admitted to the AOA Hospital on January 16th, 2012 and placed in the care of the maxillofacial department for excision of the lesion and reconstruction under general anesthesia.

The lesion was excised completely using an extra- oral approach, and the defect was reconstructed with titanium reconstruction plates (Figure 4).

The initial postoperative period was uneventful and the patient was discharged from the hospital and followed up in the OPD maxillofacial clinic. There have been no signs of recurrence to date and bony reconstruction and dental rehabilitations are being planned.

DISCUSSION

The radiographic appearance is very important in the diagnosis of COF in order to differentiate it from other fibro-osseous lesions. In its early stages the lesion is radiolucent with an ill-defined border; as it matures it becomes more defined, with or without a sclerotic border. With increased maturity of the lesion there is an increase in calcific flecks, which may progress to form a more radio-opaque mass. The growth pattern is centrifugal (equal in all directions) and presents as a well-circumscribed mass, the soft tissue capsule making it better defined.

The radiographic differential diagnosis includes:

1- Fibrous dysplasia (ground glass appearance, the expanded bone resembling normal bone)

2- Cemento-osseous dysplasia (usually multifocal)

3- Condensing osteitis

4- Pindporg tumor (associated with impacted teeth)

5- Odontoma (presence of tooth-like structures)

Treatment was complete surgical excision. As the tumor is less vascularized and well-circumscribed, it is usually easy to remove from the surrounding bone.

Prognosis is good and recurrence very rare.

CONCLUSION

Establishing the correct diagnosis of cementoossifying fibroma is important because:

1- In its early stages it displays a radiolucent area and may be confused with periapical pathology.

2- It must not be confused with other fibro-osseous lesions as its management is different.

3- Facial asymmetry can be severe, due to its late presentation, and it is usually asymptomatic.

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