Erosive effect of an antihistamine liquid formulation on bovine teeth: influence of exposure time

Viviane Santos da Silva Pierro^I; Beatriz Romeiro Furtado^II; Michele Villardi^III; Lúcio Mendes Cabral^IV; Eduardo Moreira Silva^V; Lucianne Cople Maia^VI

^IDDS, MS, Graduate student, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Dental School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
^IIDDS, Undergraduate student, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Dental School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
^IIIDDS, Undergraduate student, Department of Medicaments, Pharmacy School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
^IVMSc, PhD, Pharmacist, Associate Professor, Department of Medicaments, Pharmacy School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
^VDDS, MS, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Federal Fluminense University, Brazil
^VIDDS, MS, PhD, Associate professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Correspondence

AIM: To evaluate, in vitro, the effect of an oral antihistamine liquid formulation on roughness and topography of bovine enamel and the influence of exposure time on its erosive effect.
METHODS: Forty-one bovine enamel blocks were prepared leaving an exposed window of 0.8 mm². Thirtynine blocks were divided into three treatment groups according to media immersion: antihistamine formulation (Histamin®), 0.6% citric acid (positive control), and distilled water (negative control). Before immersion of the samples, pH, titratable acidity, calcium, phosphate and fluoride contents of all media were verified. Enamel roughness was evaluated at baseline, and after 5, 15, and 30 min of immersion (9 samples per group). Two specimens from each group and exposure time, and 2 additional specimens representing baseline, were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the Mann-Whitney test using the Bonferroni correction (α;=0.017).
RESULTS:Specimens immersed in citric acid showed the highest roughness (P<.001). SEM images showed a progressive erosion pattern in samples immersed in citric acid and in antihistamine formulation.
CONCLUSIONS:The antihistamine liquid formulation did not promote significant alterations of enamel roughness. Nevertheless, SEM demonstrated that the antihistamine eroded bovine enamel, and the erosion pattern was influenced by exposure time.

Keywords: tooth erosion, pharmaceutical preparations, hydrogen-ion concentration, child.

Full text available only in PDF format.

References

1. O'Sullivan E, Milosevic A. UK National Clinical Guidelines in Paediatric Dentistry: diagnosis, prevention and management of dental erosion. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2008; 18: 29-38.         [ Links ]

2. Magalhães AC, Wiegand A, Rios D, Honório HM, Buzalaf MAR. Insights into preventive measures for dental erosion. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009; 17: 75-86.         [ Links ]

3. Moss SJ. Dental Erosion. Int Dent J. 1998; 48: 529-39.         [ Links ]

4. Costa CC, Almeida ICS, Costa Filho LC. Erosive effect of an antihistaminecontaining syrup on primary enamel and its reduction by fluoride dentifrice. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2006; 16: 174-80.         [ Links ]

5. Pierro VSS, Abdelnur JP, Maia LC, Trugo LC. Free sugar concentration and pH of paediatric medicines in Brazil. Community Dent Health. 2005; 22: 180-3.         [ Links ]

6. Pierro VSS, Barcelos R, Maia LC, Silva AN. Pediatricians' perception about the use of antibiotics and dental caries – a preliminary study. J Public Health Dent. 2004; 64: 244-8.

7. Maguire A, Baqir W. Prevalence of long-term use of medicines with prolonged oral clearance in the elderly: a survey in north east England. Br Dent J. 2000; 189: 267-72.         [ Links ]

8. Nunn JH, Ng SKF, Sharkey I, Coulthard M. The dental implications of chronic use of acidic medicines in medically compromised children. Pharm World Sci. 2001; 23: 118-9.         [ Links ]

9. Babu KLG, Rai K, Hedge AM. Pediatric liquid medicaments – do they erode the teeth surface? An in vitro study: part I. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2008; 32: 189-94.

10. Costa CC, Almeida ICS, Costa Filho LC, Oshima HMS. Morphology evaluation of primary enamel exposed to antihistamine and fluoride dentifrice – an in vitro study. Gen Dent. 2006; 54: 21-7.

11. Maguire A, Baqir W, Nunn JH. Are sugars- free medicines more erosive than sugars-containing medicines? An in vitro study of paediatric medicines with prolonged oral clearence used regularly and long-term by children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2007; 17: 231-8.         [ Links ]

12. McNally LM, Barbour ME, O'Sullivan DJ, Jagger DC. An in vitro investigation of the effect of some analgesics on human enamel. J Oral Rehabil. 2006; 33: 529-32.         [ Links ]

13. Tanakaa M, Margolis HC. Release of mineral ions in dental plaque following acid production. Arch Oral Biol. 1999; 44: 253-8.         [ Links ]

14. Udoh AP. Atomic absorption spectrometric determination of calcium and other metallic elements in some animal protein sources. Talanta. 2000; 52: 749-54.         [ Links ]

15. Lussi A, Kohler N, Zero D, Schaffner M, Megert B. A comparison of the erosive potential of different beverages in primary and permanent teeth using an in vitro model. Eur J Oral Sci. 2000; 108: 110-4.         [ Links ]

16. Meurman JH, Frank RM. Progression and surface ultrastructure of in vitro caused erosive lesions in human and bovine enamel. Caries Res. 1991; 25: 81-7.         [ Links ]

17. Johansson A-K, Sorvari R, Birkhed D, Meurman JH. Dental erosion in deciduous teeth – an in vivo and in vitro study. J Dent. 2001; 29: 333-40.

18. Cairns AM, Watson M, Creanor SL, Fove RH. The pH and titratable acidity of a range of diluting drinks and their potential effect on dental erosion. J Dent. 2002; 30: 313-7.         [ Links ]

19. Grenby TH, Phillips A, Desai T, Mistry M. Laboratory studies of the dental properties of soft drinks. Br J Nutr. 1989; 62: 451-64.         [ Links ]

20. Larsen MJ, Nyvad B. Enamel erosion by some soft drinks and orange juices relative to their pH, buffering effect and contents of calcium phosphate. Caries Res. 1999; 33: 81-7.         [ Links ]

21. Valinoti AC, Neves BG, da Silva EM, Maia LC. Surface degradation of composite resins by acidic medicines and pH-cycling. J Appl Oral Sci. 2008; 16: 257-65.         [ Links ]

22. Barbour ME, Rees JS. The laboratory assessment of enamel erosion: a review. J Dent. 2004; 32: 591-602.         [ Links ]

Correspondence to:
Lucianne Cople Maia
Rua Gastão Gonçalves, 47/501 - Santa Rosa
24.240-030 - Niterói, RJ, Brazil
E-mail: rorefa@terra.com.br

Received for publication: October 13, 2009
Accepted: March 25, 2010